India’s heatwaves are showing marked changes compared with patterns seen a decade ago, with extreme heat arriving earlier, lasting longer, and affecting a wider geographic area, according to recent observations from the India Meteorological Department (IMD). Scientists attribute these shifts to a combination of long-term warming trends, changing atmospheric circulation, and decreasing soil moisture, all of which are altering how heatwaves develop across the country.

One emerging pattern is that heatwaves are arriving earlier in the year. Traditionally peaking in late April and May, some regions of western India recorded temperatures near 40 degrees Celsius as early as late February and early March in 2026. Early onset of heatwaves could extend the period of extreme temperatures in certain states, posing prolonged health and environmental risks.

Night-time temperatures are also rising, reducing the natural relief that cooler evenings typically provide. Warmer nights prolong heat stress as the human body has less opportunity to cool down after hot days. Long-term climate data indicate a steady increase in minimum temperatures across India, compounding the impact of daytime heat.

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Coastal regions, which historically experienced milder conditions, are seeing periods of humid heat. Cities such as Mumbai are recording high temperatures combined with elevated humidity, making heat feel more intense due to reduced efficiency of the body’s natural cooling mechanism. Researchers link these conditions to rising sea temperatures and increased atmospheric moisture.

Heatwaves are affecting more regions, including hill states that were previously less prone to extreme heat. Observations suggest that high-temperature events are spreading beyond traditional hotspots in north-western and central India, such as Rajasthan, Delhi, and Madhya Pradesh. This expansion underscores the need for broader preparedness and adaptation strategies.

Finally, the duration of heatwaves is increasing. In 2024, India recorded 554 heatwave days compared with 230 in 2023, highlighting a clear upward trend. Scientists note that warming temperatures, soil moisture loss, and shifts in weather systems contribute to prolonged heat episodes. Experts urge strengthening heat-action plans, improving urban cooling measures, and expanding public awareness to mitigate the impacts of increasingly severe heatwaves.

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