France’s Defence Ministry on Tuesday conducted the first test launch of the latest-generation M51.3 submarine-launched ballistic missile, in a demonstration of the country’s nuclear deterrence capabilities amid heightened tensions with Russia. The missile was launched off the coast of Brittany without a nuclear warhead or payload, as part of an operation to certify the nuclear-powered submarine Le Vigilant following a major maintenance overhaul.

The ministry said the test was carried out in strict compliance with France’s international obligations. The launch was intended to verify the submarine’s ability to deploy the M51.3 missile after its maintenance work. Although the announcement did not directly refer to Russia, the test comes against the backdrop of heightened tensions surrounding the war in Ukraine and recent warnings from Russian President Vladimir Putin.

French President Emmanuel Macron welcomed the launch, describing it as a clear demonstration of France’s strengthened capabilities. In a video posted on X, Macron said, “Today we are stronger,” while watching the test. He had announced in March that France would expand its nuclear arsenal and proposed deeper cooperation with European partners, including joint exercises and consultations on nuclear deterrence.

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France maintains a nuclear arsenal based on air- and sea-launched weapons, with four ballistic missile submarines forming the backbone of its ocean-based deterrent. The country is estimated to maintain about 290 nuclear weapons and spends roughly $6.04 billion annually on maintaining its nuclear forces. France has the world’s fourth-largest nuclear arsenal, behind Russia, the United States and China according to widely cited estimates.

The M51.3 is the newest version of the M51 missile family and entered service in October 2025 as part of France’s ongoing nuclear deterrent modernisation programme. Paris does not officially disclose the missile’s range, although publicly available estimates for the M51 family generally place it at around 9,000 km or more. French officials have indicated that the latest version is capable of travelling farther.

The test also comes as NATO and Russia continue to exchange assurances and warnings over security in Europe. NATO has maintained that its exercises do not pose a threat to Russian territory, while Putin has said Russia does not intend to attack European countries. Against this backdrop, France’s latest missile test underscores Paris’ continued emphasis on maintaining and modernising its independent nuclear deterrent.

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