India reported nearly 138 million cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in 2023, ranking second globally, just behind China’s 152 million cases, according to a study published in The Lancet. The research, conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington along with other leading institutions, underscores the growing health crisis caused by kidney-related disorders.

The study found that CKD was responsible for approximately 15 lakh deaths worldwide in 2023, making it the ninth leading cause of death globally. It also accounted for nearly 12 per cent of all cardiovascular deaths, ranking seventh among the top causes of heart-related fatalities—surpassing diabetes and obesity. Researchers warned that the disease’s rising trend demands urgent policy and healthcare interventions.

Prevalence of CKD was notably high in North Africa and the Middle East, each at 18 per cent, followed by South Asia at nearly 16 per cent, and Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America at over 15 per cent. In India, experts noted that the majority of CKD patients remain undiagnosed until the advanced stages, due to limited screening and awareness.

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The study identified key risk factors driving kidney disease progression, including diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. Dietary habits also played a major role, with high sodium intake and low fruit and vegetable consumption contributing substantially to disease risk. Researchers emphasized the importance of early screening programs, lifestyle changes, and preventive healthcare to curb the growing burden.

Access to treatment remains a significant challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income nations. Dialysis and organ transplantation continue to be expensive and unevenly available. The study’s authors urged governments to improve diagnostic facilities, make therapy affordable, and promote equitable healthcare measures to prevent disease progression and reduce early mortality linked to chronic kidney disease.

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