Experts Explain Health Risks From France, Spain Wildfire Smoke

Health authorities have warned that smoke from the large wildfires burning across parts of France and Spain poses serious health risks, particularly for vulnerable groups and emergency responders. As the fires continue to spread, experts say toxic smoke can travel hundreds or even thousands of kilometres, exposing populations far from the actual blaze to harmful pollutants. Medical professionals have urged people in affected areas to take precautions to reduce exposure and seek medical attention if symptoms develop.

Wildfire smoke contains a complex mixture of gases and fine particles that can damage the respiratory system. According to France's health safety agency, Anses, the smoke includes pollutants such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, benzene and acrolein. Fine particulate matter is considered especially dangerous because it can penetrate deep into the lungs and, in some cases, enter the bloodstream. Additional toxic substances may also be released when vehicles, buildings or other man-made materials are consumed by fire.

Health experts say those living closest to wildfires face the greatest immediate risk of smoke inhalation and respiratory irritation. However, changing wind patterns can carry smoke over long distances, exposing communities well beyond the fire zone. Older adults, infants, people with asthma or chronic respiratory illnesses and those with underlying health conditions are considered the most vulnerable. Doctors also warn that exposure can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems, including heart attacks and strokes, while potentially worsening conditions such as diabetes.

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Firefighters remain among the most exposed groups because of prolonged contact with smoke, intense heat and physically demanding working conditions. France's health authorities note that emergency personnel also face continued exposure after active firefighting operations through contaminated equipment, vehicles and post-fire investigations. Heat stress, dehydration, sleep deprivation and accumulated fatigue further increase the health risks faced by frontline responders.

Research continues to highlight the long-term impact of wildfire smoke on public health. In its 2025 report on climate-related health risks, The Lancet estimated that exposure to wildfire smoke contributed to approximately 154,000 deaths worldwide in 2024 due to fine particulate pollution. Meanwhile, Oxfam has estimated that air pollution linked to wildfires contributes to around 2,800 premature deaths each year in France. Experts emphasise that even healthy individuals may experience health effects after repeated or prolonged exposure.

Authorities have advised residents in affected regions to minimise outdoor activities, keep doors and windows closed, and reduce the amount of outside air entering buildings. France has also announced the distribution of 1.5 million FFP2 masks in heavily affected areas to help reduce smoke inhalation. Health experts recommend using well-fitted masks where exposure is unavoidable and seeking medical attention if breathing difficulties, persistent coughing or other symptoms develop, while stressing that masks provide partial rather than complete protection.

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