Are Chemicals Fueling Cancer in the Young?

Cancer has long been considered a disease of aging, but a troubling trend is emerging: cancer rates are climbing among people under 50. This shift has sparked concern, with some pointing to chemicals, particularly plastics, as potential culprits. But what does the science say about this rise, and how can we protect ourselves?

Why Cancer Typically Strikes Older Adults

Our DNA, the blueprint for every cell, can develop errors or mutations over time. These mutations may cause cells to multiply uncontrollably, resist natural cell death, or spread to other parts of the body—hallmarks of cancer. Each time a cell divides, it copies its DNA, and mistakes can creep in, much like errors in a repeatedly photocopied document. Most mutations are harmless, but the more cell divisions you undergo, the higher the chance of dangerous errors. As we age, our body’s ability to eliminate these faulty cells weakens, explaining why cancer is more common in older populations.

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The Alarming Rise in Early-Onset Cancers

The increase in cancer among younger people is concerning because it suggests external factors beyond aging are at play. Environmental influences—such as chemicals, diet, lifestyle, or even microbes—may be driving these trends. While skin and lung cancer rates in young Australians have dropped, thanks to sun safety campaigns and declining smoking rates, other cancers, like those of the liver, pancreas, prostate, breast, and kidney, are on the rise. This pattern isn’t unique to Australia; it’s a global phenomenon, particularly in wealthier nations.

Are Chemicals the Culprit?

Researchers are zeroing in on chemicals as a possible factor. Modern life exposes us to countless substances our ancestors never encountered, from air pollution to food additives and plastics. Plastics, in particular, are everywhere—used in packaging, utensils, and more. Some worry that micro- and nano-plastics, or chemicals like PFAS leaching from plastics into food, could increase cancer risk. However, with thousands of plastics and other environmental factors at play, pinpointing a single cause is challenging. While animal studies can offer clues, human studies struggle to isolate specific chemicals as the definitive trigger for cancers like colorectal (bowel) cancer, which is rising in young people even as it declines in older adults.

The Case of Bowel Cancer

Bowel cancer highlights the complexity of this issue. In older populations, improved screening has reduced rates by catching precancerous cells early. Yet, early-onset bowel cancer is increasing. Beyond plastics, other factors like obesity, alcohol consumption, and even the gut microbiome may contribute. Certain bacteria or their toxins have been linked to higher bowel

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